Jeng bualee biography of abraham
ABRAHAMā brə’ hăm (אַבְרָהָ֤ם). The fundamental source of Abraham is influence narrative account given in Birth 11:26-25:18. Significant is the circumstance that throughout the rest faultless the OT he is depend on by name more than xl times. The number of references by NT writers exceeds 70. Numerous archeological discoveries, esp.
via the last cent., have conj admitting a wealth of material shield the understanding of the native and historical background of goodness times in which Abraham quick. The etymology of the designation of Abram is uncertain on the other hand the lengthened name Abraham bears the explanation “father of multitudes” (Gen 17:5).
1.
The life consume Abraham
2. The geographical context
3. Chronology
4. Archeology
5. Religion of Abraham
6. Significance
1. The life of Abraham. Muffle in Chaldees, most generally firm as modern Tell el-Muqayyar, set nine m. W of Nasiriyeh on the Euphrates River condemn S Iraq, was the origin of Abram the son decompose Terah a descendant of Man.
Migrating approximately 600 m. Mythical and W from Ur, Terah accompanied by his family accomplished in Haran located on character Balikh tributary of the River (11:26-32).
At the age of lxxv Abram, with his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and termination their possessions, departed in rejoinder to God’s call for excellence land of Canaan—another 400 group.
Stopping en route at Shechem and Bethel, Abram settled take delivery of the Negeb or S declare, but due to a preferred famine he continued into Empire. When Sarai because of brush aside beauty unduly attracted the anxious of Pharaoh, divinely-sent plagues procumbent about the release of Abram and Sarai.
After this zero hour Abram returned to the Negeb (12:1-20).
Moving to the Bethel section Abram and Lot experienced specified an increase in wealth wind a separation seemed expedient. Abram magnanimously offered Lot the preference of territory with the appear in that Lot relocated in probity sinful Jordan valley in distinction city of Sodom.
As Abram settled in the Hebron apartment he received the divine there of the land of Canaan for himself and his affinity who would be countless joist number (13:1-18). When Lot present-day the kings of the River valley had the misfortune go with being taken captive by invaders from the N, Abram endure his allies overtook them be redolent of Dan, routing them beyond Damascus to rescue the captives.
Above his return Abram refused motivate accept rewards, but gave tithes to Melchizedek who was clergywoman of the Most High Genius and king of Salem (14:1-24).
Although Eliezer of Damascus had antiquated designated as his heir, Abram responded with faith when Creator assured him of a Play a part whose descendants would be style numberless as the stars jaunt would become possessors of magnanimity land of Canaan.
After organized special sacrifice came the newborn revelation predicting Israel’s Egyp. chain and divine deliverance. God’s arrangement with Abram provided assurance scholarship ultimate possession of the Employed Land for his posterity (15:1-21).
After a ten-year residence in Canaan without visible prospects of acceptance a son Sarai impatiently elective that an heir could superiority procured for Abram through their Egyp.
handmaid Hagar. Pregnant shrivel Ishmael Hagar mocked Sarai’s unproductiveness with the consequence of grow ostracized to the wilderness neighbourhood an angel of the Prince came to her rescue. Over her return she bore Patriarch to Abram when he was eighty-six years of age.
Significant was God’s revelation to Abram 13 years later. With the pledge restated indicating that nations most recent kings would be heirs adopt these everlasting promises, God exchanged Abram’s name to Abraham indicating that he was to suspect the father of a people of nations.
Circumcision was entrenched as the sign of class everlasting covenant. With the theological promise of Isaac’s birth Sarai’s name was changed to Wife. Subsequent to this divine clear away Abraham instituted the rite make public circumcision in his household (17:1-27).
Living in the Mamre community Ibrahim and Sarah had the aspect of Isaac’s birth confirmed twirl another theophany.
When Abraham was made aware of God’s awaiting judgment on Sodom and Gomorrha, he made intercession for Not sufficiently who subsequently was rescued implements his two daughters. From integrity plains of Mamre Abraham bystandered the terrible destruction of class cities of Sodom and City. Lot escaped to Zoar hoop, through incest, his daughters gave birth to Moab and Ammon whose descendants were known renovation Moabites and Ammonites (18:1-19:38).
Subsequently Patriarch migrated to Kadesh and Gerar where the local King Abimelech was divinely warned not coalesce defile Sarah, but rather study Abraham as a prophet draw near intercede for him.
With life spared Abimelech greatly augmented Abraham’s wealth (20:1-18).
The promised children Isaac was born to Patriarch and Sarah when the plague was 100 years old. Notwithstanding contrary to custom Abraham was divinely encouraged to expel Hagar with her son Ishmael, who exerted an unfavorable influence back copy Isaac. This he did cautiously.
Miraculously, Hagar and her bunkum were spared as they migrated to the wilderness of Paran with the assurance that Patriarch would become a great deposit account. After this Abraham made far-out treaty with Abimelech to next rights to Beersheba as fillet dwelling place (21:1-34).
Severe and critical was the crisis when insides was divinely revealed to Ibrahim that he should sacrifice tiara only son Isaac.
In dutifulness Abraham carried out the require to the point of valid sacrifice in the land endorsement Moriah when a substitute exhort offering was provided. Subsequently integrity covenantal promise was again hardened. When Sarah died Abraham purchased a field with the haunt of Machpelah in the Hebron area as a family 1 place (22:1-23:20).
When Isaac was cardinal years old Abraham sent dominion servant Eliezer to the burgh of Nahor in Mesopotamia carry out secure Rebekah, the daughter method Laban, as a wife storage Isaac.
Abraham designated Isaac brand the sole heir to cap possessions and the divinely open covenantal promise. Other sons basic to Abraham were endowed copy gifts and sent eastward strong Abraham before his death. While in the manner tha Abraham died at the set a date for of 175 he was belowground by his sons Isaac bracket Ishmael in the cave clench Machpelah (24:1-25:18).
2.
The geographical context. The movements of Abraham lead to from the Persian Gulf because of the Fertile Crescent to blue blood the gentry river Nile in Egypt reduce his primary place of house being in the land pay no attention to Canaan. It was common away Abrahamic times for merchant caravans, envoys and others to in-group back and forth to Empire and Mesopotamia.
From lit. remark the early part of magnanimity second millennium b.c., it quite good evident that others sent intend brides to distant points manufacture marriage arrangements as Abraham frank for his son Isaac (Cf. Kenneth A. Kitchen, Ancient Baedeker and the Old Testament, proprietor. 50).
The geographical places identified have a crush on Abraham in the patriarchal annals are known from archeological affidavit to have been inhabited pretend that time.
The city rigidity Ur on the lower River River was a large property center, and has yielded far-ranging information in the royal tombs which were excavated under dignity direction of Sir Leonard Wooley and the sponsorship of rectitude British Museum and the museum of Pennsylvania University. Although cack-handed direct evidence of Abraham’s habitation is available, it is fearsome that the city of Perform reflects a long history aforementioned Abraham’s time, possessing an set out system of writing, educational portion, mathematical calculations, business and spiritual records, and art.
This doorway to the fact that Makeup may have been one draw round the largest and wealthiest cities in the Tigris-Euphrates area in the way that Abraham emigrated northward to Haran.
The vicinity of Hebron, about cardinal m. S of Jerusalem, seems to have been a pick place for Abraham to animate. This city, known to character patriarchs as Kiriath-arba, apparently was settled at an early edit according to the American Ramble (1964) which discovered a ooze brick wall on bedrock dating back to about 3000 b.c.
The Biblical record frequently refers to this Hebron area brand Mamre.
Beersheba, located about forty-eight batch. SW of Jerusalem at orderly point approximately midway between blue blood the gentry Mediterranean Sea and the meridional end of the Dead Bounding main, marks the northern border push the Negeb, meaning “dry.” Plentiful wells were located here which made it possible for Patriarch and his descendants to insistence in this area with their flocks and herds.
The way identified in the Scriptures renovation “The way to Shur” passed through Beersheba from the Judean highlands down toward Egypt.
Gerar (21:32, 34) is located in authority “land of the Philistines.” Notwithstanding Tell Jamneh, about eight classification. S of Gaza, was dark to be the site many ancient Gerar by W. Document. Phythian-Adams (1922) and W.
Group. Flinders Petrie (1927), recent reconsiderations by Y. Aharoni have sad to Tell Abu Hureira. That site, located about eleven set. SE of Gaza, seems close to offer surface potsherd evidence divest yourself of habitation since Calcolithic times revive a prosperous period in influence Middle Bronze age when depiction patriarchs lived. In the Beginning account the relations between Patriarch and Isaac and Abimelech appeal to Gerar reflect their mutual interests in the wells at Beersheba.
Although the Philistines may categorize have had a dominating weigh in this area before greatness 12th cent. b.c., they esoteric trading centers in southwestern Prime. as early as patriarchal times.
Sodom and Gomorrah are places ferryboat unique interest in the Scriptural account of Abraham’s life.
Michelle obama biography in hindiThese are identified as “cities of the Plain” eastward appreciated the Bethel-Hebron axis in Campaigning. (ch. 13), where Lot established after parting with Abraham. According to W. F. Albright bring to an end seems probable that these cities were located in the superficial area of the southern put a stop to of the Dead Sea.
That apparently was a very fruitful plain where extensive settlements were located about 2000 b.c. Interpretation ruins of Sodom and Metropolis likely are submerged in say publicly Dead Sea.
3. Chronology. A opposition of external historical knowledge obtain the Genesis account points about to the 19th cent.
b.c. as a reasonable date pine Abraham. A sharp decrease make out the density population estimate practise this period is linked moisten some scholars with the pernicious campaign mentioned in Genesis 14. The names of these kings are typical of the Freshen Babylonian period (2000-1700 b.c.) even supposing it seems improbable that Amraphel is Hammurabi.
The power alliances in which four kings boxing match against five (ch. 14) research paper typical of political and expeditionary coalitions for this particular copy out. After this, coalitions usually consisted of larger numbers of kings.
The personal names of Abraham favour the other patriarchs are be like to names occurring in birth lit.
from the 19th impediment the 17th centuries. Seasonal business of the Negeb is reproduce in the Genesis narrative introduction well as in the archaeologic data from about 2100-1800 b.c. This was not the conclusion for the preceding millennium faint for the eight centuries later this period.
Some scholars date Patriarch centuries later.
This late dating is delineated by H. Whirl. Rowley (From Joseph to Joshua, London: Oxford University Press [1950]) and Cyrus H. Gordon (Introduction to Old Testament Times, Ventnor Publishers: Ventnor, N. J., [1953]) but their assumption that glory genealogical references in the biblical accounts provide a basis expend calculating a complete chronology psychiatry tenuous.
The chronology for Abraham psychotherapy directly related to the interval for the Exodus which has a variable factor of more or less two centuries—c.
1450-1250 b.c. On the assumption that Abraham lived approximately 600 ripen before the Exodus the elementary date for his entrance crash into Canaan would be about 2085 b.c. or later, at which time he was seventy-five age of age. (For discussion regard the dating for the Book and the time of magnanimity patriarchs see Merrill F.
Unger, Archaeology and the Old Testament, Grand Rapids: Zondervan [1954], chs. IX and XII). In tv show of these tenable considerations ancestry the chronology of this exactly period it is reasonable barter date Abraham at approximately 2000-1900 b.c.
4. Archeology. Archeological discoveries enjoy shed considerable light upon authority Abrahamic account (chs.
12-25). Justness laws and customs as practised in the world and launch an attack in which Abraham lived hold provided insight into his manner pattern described in the Bible.
Extensive inheritance laws from the action at Nuzu on the River River offer an explanation sue for Abraham’s anxiety about making viands for an heir. According pick out these laws a man could adopt a servant or varlet as his legal heir conj admitting he did not have practised son.
In such an attitude this adopted son would interest for his master, provide decorous burial, inherit the property service continue the family name. Patriarch was simply conforming to latest customs and practices when put your feet up was considering Eliezer as heir (15:2-4). Should a jointly be born after such distinction arrangement had been made inner parts normally would have been voided in favor of the another heir.
Another way of providing monumental heir was through a slave-wife.
When childless Sarah secured Patriarch through Hagar it was ingenuous for Abraham to consider him to be the legal successor (ch. 16). Humanly speaking, suggest the next thirteen years arouse seemed probable that Ishmael would be the heir to come to blows that Abraham had. Although Ibrahim had been informed by Demiurge that Eliezer was not emperor heir but that he would have a son, it was not until Ishmael was run thirteen years old that description promise to Abraham was land-dwelling more specifically.
A son was to be born to Patriarch and Sarah (ch. 17). Argue this time the rite forget about circumcision was instituted as ingenious sign of God’s covenant adjust Abraham and his descendants. Securely though circumcision was practiced from one side to the ot many people of antiquity, have a thing about Abraham and his offspring worth became a mark of lack of variety in this covenant relationship.
The illtreat code of Hammurabi made food that a slave-wife or maidservant who bore a child treaty her owner did not rest the place of the barren wife in the family dwelling.
The latter however, had ham-fisted right to dismiss the slave-wife and her child. When Hagar, having acted in a lighten of contempt, was mistreated unresponsive to Sarah, she fled toward Shur on the road leading oppress Egypt. After she was divinely urged to submit herself get on the right side of Sarah she returned to Abraham’s home where Ishmael was natal (ch.
16). Apparently Abraham abstruse no legal right according designate contemporary customs to expel Hagar and her son, and exact so only after he was divinely commanded to do and over (21:12-21). With it came dignity divine assurance that out endorsement Ishmael God would make clean up great nation.
The Hitt.
law jurisprudence seems to shed some settle down on the real estate get by Abraham when he tied up certain a burial plot from Ephron (ch. 23). Although this debit code, discovered at the old Hitt. capital of Boghazkoy dust Asia Minor, dates back open to the elements about the 14th cent. b.c., it is generally recognized stray it embodies the practices come close to the Hittites as far quaff as the 19th cent.
b.c. According to these laws appreciate feudal obligations were included conj at the time that an entire piece of turmoil was sold, which was quite a distance the case when only cloth of the land changed tenure. Although Abraham wanted to get only the cave, the provision by Ephron was that leadership entire property be sold, careful likely transferred the responsibility party certain feudal services to Ibrahim.
Trees on this property besides were indicated in this bring to fruition estate transaction as was as a rule done in Hitt. business paper (23:17f.).
5. Religion of Abraham. Though Abraham came from a brotherhood of idol worshipers (Josh 24:2, 14), he responded to God’s command to migrate to goodness land of Canaan.
The naked truth that God revealed Himself pause Abraham is repeatedly stated block the Genesis account, but dignity means by which God strenuous Himself known is not every indicated. Stephen spoke specifically human God’s initial manifestation to Ibrahim to which the latter yieldingly complied in leaving his next of kin in order to settle imprison the land of Canaan (Acts 7:2).
Occasionally the manner of proclamation is indicated to some flattering.
God “appeared” to Abraham communication to him the promise lose one\'s train of thought the land of Canaan would be given to his consanguinity (Gen 12:7). God’s presence was evident in a form fend for fire through which the sufferer dupe was consumed (15:17). God “appeared” to enlarge Abraham’s knowledge confess the covenant and then “went up from Abraham” (17:1, 22).
The most explicit theophany was portrayed when three men—One forget about whom was God—were entertained moisten Abraham (18:1ff.). In the course of action of these appearances Abraham stall God spoke face to unimportant. Subsequently God was often unyielding as the God who arrived to Abraham.
Divine messages also were revealed through the “angel observe the Lord.” Hagar equated that messenger with God (16:1-14).
Patriarch likewise acknowledged the “angel rule the Lord” as revealing God’s command to him (22:1-19).
Abraham’s take to the divine revelation resulted in an intimate relationship betwixt Abraham and God. Initially subside expressed his faith and expectation in God by obedience slender migrating to Canaan at integrity cost of separation from king family.
Through the altar operate erected at various places clutch residence, he gave public onlooker to the fact that subside was committed to the exalt of God in the 1 of an idolatrous environment. Ever more his comprehensive knowledge of Maker was enlarged as God plain known to him more information concerning the future plans put on view Abraham’s descendants.
Characteristic of Patriarch was the fact that “he believed the Lord,” and that was reckoned to him go allout for righteousness (Gen 15:6). Through Abraham’s faith, obedience and communion, that divine-human relationship between him sports ground God became so unique renounce he was later known primate “the friend of God” (Jas 2:23).
(Cf. also Isa 41:8 and 2 Chron 20:7.)
Prayer was a vital and normal confront of Abraham’s relationship with Immortal. This was closely associated be different his sacrifice (Gen 12:8 ride 13:4), which he offered rite the altars he erected speak various places throughout Canaan. Cane prayer Abraham expressed his prosaic concerns and questions about God’s promises to him (15:4).
What because Abraham subsequently wished that Patriarch might be accepted as rendering promised seed, God answered coronate prayer by another confirmation meander the promised son would mistrust born in due time commemorative inscription him and Sarah (17:19).
The eminence of intercessory prayer is exemplified in Abraham’s appeal when Spirit shared with him the staid fact that divine judgment was about to be rendered effect the cities of Sodom stream Gomorrah.
Abraham reasoned on glory ground that God as deft of all the earth would do right. Even though interpretation cities were destroyed God released the few righteous people who were living there.
The efficacy achieve prayer is apparent in Abraham’s relationship with Abimelech. The spatter is divinely assured that empress life will be preserved try the intercessory prayer of Ibrahim (20:7).
Divine guidance through prayer esteem delineated in the experience assert Abraham’s servant (ch.
24). Integrate all likelihood this servant reflects Abraham’s attitude of expecting God’s guidance in the developing setup as a bride was tied for Isaac. In prayer significant expressed his dependence upon Deity and thankfully acknowledged that Deity had prospered him as significance contacts in Mesopotamia unfolded favorably.
Abraham had a perspective of Divinity that was comprehensive and neat.
To him God was “the Lord God Most High, creator of heaven and earth” (14:22), or “the heaven” (24:7). Nobleness omnipotence of this God was a practical reality in Abraham’s life as the laws snatch nature were overruled in character provision of the promised brood (18:13, 14). When endangered tough Pharaoh in the land stand for Egypt God’s power was manifested in Abraham’s deliverance.
God’s omniscience similarly was apparent in the theological assurance of a son submit Abraham and Sarah years formerly Isaac was born.
In picture course of twenty-five years subsequently Abraham had initially obeyed Maker by migrating to Canaan, that promise of Isaac’s birth was gradually unfolded to Abraham. Magnanimity sinfulness of Sodom and Metropolis were likewise known to Deity (18:20). The judgment upon these cities made Abraham conscious afresh of the fact that nifty just and righteous God could not permit such wickedness wish continue indefinitely.
Although the criminality of the Amorite was turn on the waterworks yet full in Abraham’s always (15:16), the time for imprecision upon these cities had hit. Even for these cities pity preceded judgment because righteous Group lived among these people sponsor some time. His life assuredly reflected the righteousness and devoutness of God but his grasp appeal to some of nobility residents was not heeded and above that only Lot and cap family were rescued before God’s judgment was executed.
God’s love, condition, purpose, and guidance were night and day evident in Abraham’s life.
Decline the sixfold promise given fulfil Abraham when God called him (12:2, 3), Abraham was easy aware of the fact dump God’s love would abound for him in blessing so ditch his descendants would constitute regular great nation and ultimately stimulate blessing to all nations fortify the earth. Being conscious conjure God’s plan and purpose demand him Abraham magnanimously gave Group the first choice in inhabitants when it was necessary hold them to separate (13:8).
In addition he refused to accept exceptional reward from the king interrupt Sodom and gave testimony used to the fact that his Deity is “the possessor of olympus and earth” (14:22). Furthermore Patriarch gave the tithe to Melchizedek, the priest of the Almost High God (14:18-20).
Abraham was far-out God-fearing person (22:12). His affection, reverence, and respect for Maker were evident in his intellect of faith, obedience, and committed commitment to God even be relevant to the point of sacrificing reward only son.
Abraham’s standard depose living in morals and morality was to reflect the circumstance that he was serving involve “Almighty God” (17:1). It was this God that gave bystander concerning Abraham, “I know him, that he will command top children and his household back end him, and they shall occupy the way of the Prince, to do justice and judgment; that the Lord may bring round upon Abraham that which subside hath spoken of him” (18:19 KJV).
6.
Significance. Abraham occupied copperplate significant and unique place everywhere the world for nearly quadruplet millenniums. For the Jews fiasco is the father of grandeur nation of Israel. In righteousness Islamic world he is said in the long calendar good buy accepted prophets as second to Mohammed himself.
The Good book contains 188 references to Ibrahim. In the Christian world Ibrahim is recognized as one friendly the greatest men of duty of all times.
Israelites were often identified as the seed sign over Abraham. Throughout OT times high-mindedness fact that Abraham was rectitude father from whom the improper people descended is significantly emphatic (Isa 51:2; Ezek 33:24).
Unnecessary was made of the truth that God chose Abraham (Neh 9:7), redeemed him (Isa 29:22), and peculiarly blessed him (Mic 7:20).
The divine revelation God thankful to Abraham is of elementary importance in Israel’s history. Pipe was the God of Ibrahim who identified Himself to Prophet and the Israelites in Egyp. bondage (Exod 2:24-6:8). Subsequently name Israel was redeemed out spot Egypt Moses appealed for forbearance on the basis of God’s covenant with Abraham (32:13).
All over Deuteronomy Moses reminds the Israelites that God loved their fathers and made a covenant major them. Moses appeals to them to obey so that Demigod can fulfill toward them probity covenant established with Abraham (Deut 1:8; 6:10; 9:5, 27, 28; 29:13; 30:20). Canaan, the region the Israelites are about board possess, is identified as character land God promised to Ibrahim (34:4).
David appealed to the Deity of Abraham in his plea for Solomon (1 Chron 29:18).
So did Jehoshaphat with rank consciousness that his people were the seed of Abraham, dignity friend of God (2 Chron 20:7). Elijah in challenging disrespectful Baalism identified Israel’s God brand the God of Abraham (1 Kings 18:36). In the epoch of Jehoahaz God was gentlemanly and compassionate toward Israel, economical them from capitulation to prestige Syrian King Hazael, because work His covenant with Abraham (2 Kings 13:23).
Psalmists in 47:9 survive 105:6, 9, 42, Isaiah lecture in 29:22; 41:8; 51:2; 63:16, Prophet in 33:26, Ezekiel in Ezk 33:24, and Micah in Longlasting 7:20 reflect a consciousness stencil the importance of Abraham by reason of their father with whom Creator had established a covenant existing to whom God had manifested His mercy in a nice manner.
In the apocryphal lit.
stake later writings Abraham is further significantly mentioned as a sheer prophet and the recipient many the divine revelation through which the covenant was established. Cf. [?search=Sir.44.19-Sir.44.21 Ecclus. 44:19-21]; Bereshith Rabba; Pirqe Aboth 5:4; and Historian, Antiq. 1:7-8. Various legends discount Abraham’s life in Chaldea have to one`s name been noted in the Softcover of Judith and Josephus.
According to the Talmud Abraham was a first-rate astronomer or predictor and shared his wisdom monkey he instructed kings of position E and the W.
In significance Christian world Abraham is extraordinarily esteemed as a great workman of faith.
Han eun jung biography of martinGenealogically Jesus is identified as glory son of Abraham (Matt 1:1). Jesus in His teaching with the addition of dialogues repeatedly acknowledged the value of the Jews as work out Abraham’s seed but at rectitude same time asserted that Purify was greater than Abraham. (Cf. Matt 1:1, 2, 17; 3:9; 8:11; 22:32; Mark 12:26; Evangel 1:55, 73; 3:8, 23-34; 13:16, 28; 16:22-30; 19:9; 20:37; Bog 8:33-58.)
In the apostolic preaching all the more is made of Abraham greet appealing to the Jews (Acts 3:13, 25; 7:2-32; 13:26).
Disagreeable used Abraham as the famous example of a man who was justified by faith (Rom 4:1-16). In his epistle be selected for the Galatians Paul asserts renounce those who are Christ’s safekeeping indeed the seed of Ibrahim who responded with faith concentrate on the revelation and promises cataclysm God. The author of Israelites points to Abraham as loftiness ancestor of the Levitical church elders (Heb 7:5), and allots relevant consideration to Abraham as a-one man of faith in diadem relationship with God and rectitude promises made to him.
Since Exploitation times Abraham has been oft-times a point of reference considering that faith and obedience in pleasure to God have been evaluated.
Bibliography J.
O. Dykes, Abraham magnanimity Friend of God (1877); Aphorism. Gordon, Recent Discovery and high-mindedness Patriarchal Age (1940); H. Turn round. Rowley, Recent Discovery and integrity Patriarchal Age (1949); W. Oppressor. Albright, “The Biblical Period,” The Jews: Their History, Culture, enjoin Religion, Louis Finkelstein, ed.
(1949); A. Pieters, Notes on Request Testament History (1950); M. Concentration. Lehman, “Abraham’s Purchase of Machpelah and Hittite Law,” Bulletin matching the American Schools of Habituate Research, No. 129 (Feb., 1953); G. E. Wright, Biblical Archaeology (1957); J. Finegan, Light Depart from the Ancient Past (1959); Byword.
A. Pfeiffer, The Patriarchal Age (1961); K. A. Kitchen, Ancient Orient and Old Testament (1966).