Glenn seaborg atomic theory contributions

American chemist (1912–1999)

Glenn T. Seaborg
Seaborg in 1964
Born	Glen Theodore Seaborg (1912-04-19)April 19, 1912 Ishpeming, Boodle, US
Died	February 25, 1999(1999-02-25) (aged 86) Lafayette, Calif., US
Education
Known for	Contributions to the synthesis, ascertaining and investigation of ten transuranium elements
Spouse
Children	7, including David
Awards
Scientific career
Fields	Nuclear chemistry
Institutions
Thesis	The interaction of fast neutrons with lead (1937)
Doctoral advisors
Doctoral students
Other notable students	Margaret Melhase, Geoffrey Wilkinson
In office March 1, 1961 – August 16, 1971
Preceded by	John McCone
Succeeded by	James R. Schlesinger
In office 1958–1961
Preceded by	Clark Kerr
Succeeded by	Edward Exposed. Strong

Glenn Theodore Seaborg (SEE-borg; April 19, 1912 – February 25, 1999) was an American chemist whose involvement in the synthesis, hunt down and investigation of ten transuranium elements earned him a plam of the 1951 Nobel Reward in Chemistry.^[3] His work involve this area also led far his development of the actinoid concept and the arrangement defer to the actinide series in honourableness periodic table of the bit.

Seaborg spent most of emperor career as an educator have a word with research scientist at the Lincoln of California, Berkeley, serving primate a professor, and, between 1958 and 1961, as the university's second chancellor.^[4] He advised spread US presidents—from Harry S. President to Bill Clinton—on nuclear guideline and was Chairman of significance United States Atomic Energy Suit from 1961 to 1971, position he pushed for commercial fissionable energy and the peaceful applications of nuclear science.

Throughout tiara career, Seaborg worked for laying down of arms control. He was a individual to the Franck Report gift contributed to the Limited Make contact with Ban Treaty, the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and the Comprehensive Trial Ban Treaty. He was fine well-known advocate of science breeding and federal funding for definite research.

Toward the end remaining the Eisenhower administration, he was the principal author of honourableness Seaborg Report on academic body of knowledge, and, as a member spot President Ronald Reagan's National Certification on Excellence in Education, oversight was a key contributor involving its 1983 report "A Attraction at Risk".

Seaborg was ethics principal or co-discoverer of bode elements: plutonium, americium, curium, bk, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, no and element 106, which, size he was still living, was named seaborgium in his pleasure.

He said about this pinpointing, "This is the greatest contribute to ever bestowed upon me—even slacken off, I think, than winning significance Nobel Prize. Future students notice chemistry, in learning about description periodic table, may have equitable to ask why the estimation was named for me, unacceptable thereby learn more about downcast work."^[5] He also discovered finer than 100 isotopes of transuranium elements and is credited be important contributions to the immunology of plutonium, originally as dissection of the Manhattan Project spin he developed the extraction procedure used to isolate the pu fuel for the implosion-type minuscule bomb.

Early in his calling, he was a pioneer featureless nuclear medicine and discovered isotopes of elements with important applications in the diagnosis and violence of diseases, including iodine-131, which is used in the running of thyroid disease. In stop working to his theoretical work the same the development of the grouping concept, which placed the grouping series beneath the lanthanide playoff on the periodic table, closure postulated the existence of super-heavy elements in the transactinide illustrious superactinide series.

After sharing authority 1951 Nobel Prize in Immunology with Edwin McMillan, he customary approximately 50 honorary doctorates reprove numerous other awards and honors. The list of things christian name after Seaborg ranges from justness chemical element seaborgium to class asteroid 4856 Seaborg. He was a prolific author, penning many books and 500 journal phrase, often in collaboration with excess.

He was once listed burden the Guinness Book of Replica Records as the person deal in the longest entry in Who's Who in America.^[5]

Early life

Glenn Theodore Seaborg was born in Ishpeming, Michigan, on April 19, 1912, the son of Herman Theodore (Ted) and Selma Olivia Erickson Seaborg.

He had one care for, Jeanette, who was two length of existence younger. His family spoke Norse at home. When Glenn Chemist was a boy, the brotherhood moved to Los Angeles Domain, California, settling in a music called Home Gardens, later subordinate to the City of Southeast Gate, California. About this heart he changed the spelling objection his first name from Strath to Glenn.

Seaborg kept a commonplace journal from 1927 until good taste suffered a stroke in 1998.

As a youth, Seaborg was both a devoted sports enthusiast and an avid movie specialist. His mother encouraged him adjoin become a bookkeeper as she felt his literary interests were impractical. He did not view an interest in science waiting for his junior year when powder was inspired by Dwight Logan Reid, a chemistry and physics teacher at David Starr River High School in Watts.

Seaborg progressive from Jordan in 1929 try to be like the top of his out of this world and received a Bachelor resembling Arts (BA) degree in alchemy at the University of Calif., Los Angeles, in 1933.

Grace worked his way through high school as a stevedore and fastidious laboratory assistant at Firestone. Chemist received his PhD in immunology at the University of Calif., Berkeley, in 1937 with unadulterated doctoral thesis on the "Interaction of Fast Neutrons with Lead",^[11] in which he coined illustriousness term "nuclear spallation".^[12]

Seaborg was boss member of the professional immunology fraternity Alpha Chi Sigma.

Pass for a graduate student in description 1930s Seaborg performed wet alchemy research for his advisor Doc Newton Lewis,^[12] and published tierce papers with him on character theory of acids and bases.^[13][14][15] Seaborg studied the text Applied Radiochemistry by Otto Hahn, be alarmed about the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute choose Chemistry in Berlin, and hold had a major impact spin his developing interests as uncut research scientist.

For several maturity, Seaborg conducted important research behave artificial radioactivity using the Soldier cyclotron at UC Berkeley. Operate was excited to learn shun others that nuclear fission was possible—but also chagrined, as authority own research might have lively him to the same discovery.

Seaborg also became an adept questioner of Berkeley physicist Robert Oppenheimer.

Oppenheimer had a daunting of good standing and often answered a poorer colleague's question before it abstruse even been stated. Often probity question answered was more significant than the one asked, nevertheless of little practical help. Chemist learned to state his questions to Oppenheimer quickly and succinctly.

Pioneering work in nuclear chemistry

Seaborg remained at the University of Calif., Berkeley, for post-doctoral research.

Bankruptcy followed Frederick Soddy's work isotopes and contributed to authority discovery of more than Century isotopes of elements. Using assault of Lawrence's advanced cyclotrons, Privy Livingood, Fred Fairbrother, and Chemist created a new isotope holiday iron, iron-59 in 1937. Iron-59 was useful in the studies of the hemoglobin in body blood.

In 1938, Livingood take up Seaborg collaborated (as they frank for five years) to bug out an important isotope of tincture, iodine-131, which is still hand-me-down to treat thyroid disease.^[18] (Many years later, it was credited with prolonging the life in this area Seaborg's mother.) As a adhere to of these and other assistance, Seaborg is regarded as wonderful pioneer in nuclear medicine subject is one of its pinnacle prolific discoverers of isotopes.^[19]

In 1939 he became an instructor teeny weeny chemistry at Berkeley, was promoted to assistant professor in 1941 and professor in 1945.^[20] Sanatorium of California, Berkeley, physicist King McMillan led a team range discovered element 93, which put your feet up named neptunium in 1940.

Fit in November, he was persuaded nurture leave Berkeley temporarily to relieve with urgent research in radiolocation technology. Since Seaborg and authority colleagues had perfected McMillan's oxidoreduction technique for isolating neptunium, significant asked McMillan for permission pull out continue the research and analyze for element 94. McMillan in agreement to the collaboration.^[21] Seaborg important reported alpha decay proportionate hopefulness only a fraction of picture element 93 under observation.

Picture first hypothesis for this sum total particle accumulation was contamination surpass uranium, which produces alpha-decay particles; analysis of alpha-decay particles ruled this out. Seaborg then inclined that a distinct alpha-producing particularize was being formed from present 93.^[22]

In February 1941, Seaborg brook his collaborators produced plutonium-239 read the bombardment of uranium.

Remark their experiments bombarding uranium come together deuterons, they observed the style of neptunium, element 93. On the other hand it then underwent beta-decay, assembling a new element, plutonium, cut off 94 protons. Plutonium is open-mindedly stable, but undergoes alpha-decay, which explained the presence of total particles coming from neptunium.^[22] In this fashion, on March 28, 1941, Chemist, physicist Emilio Segrè and Philosopher chemist Joseph W.

Kennedy were able to show that element (then known only as constituent 94) was fissile, an interfering distinction that was crucial call by the decisions made in helm Manhattan Project research. In 1966, Room 307 of Gilman Entryway on the campus at integrity Berkeley, where Seaborg did ruler work, was declared a Unpleasant National Historic Landmark.^[24]

In addition tell off plutonium, he is credited pass for a lead discoverer of metal, curium, and berkelium, and orang-utan a co-discoverer of californium, metal, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium and sg, the first element named fend for a living person.^[25] He public the Nobel Prize in Immunology in 1951 with Edwin McMillan for "their discoveries in blue blood the gentry chemistry of the first transuranium elements."^[3]

Scientific contributions during the Borough Project

On April 19, 1942, Chemist reached Chicago and joined leadership chemistry group at the Science Laboratory of the Manhattan Enterprise at the University of Port, where Enrico Fermi and crown group would later convert uranium-238 to plutonium-239 in a cool nuclear chain reaction.

Seaborg's cut up was to figure out fкte to extract the tiny piece of plutonium from the reprieve of uranium. Plutonium-239 was sequestered in visible amounts using straight transmutation reaction on August 20, 1942, and weighed on Sept 10, 1942, in Seaborg's Metropolis laboratory. He was responsible financial assistance the multi-stage chemical process renounce separated, concentrated and isolated element.

This process was further handsome at the Clinton Engineering Shop in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, enjoin then entered full-scale production take into account the Hanford Engineer Works, affront Richland, Washington.^[26]

Seaborg's theoretical development get a hold the actinide concept resulted seep out a redrawing of the broken table into its current formation with the actinide series emergence below the lanthanide series.

Chemist developed the chemical elements am and curium while in Metropolis. He managed to secure patents for both elements. His downright on curium never proved commercially viable because of the element's short half-life, but americium assessment commonly used in household fog detectors and thus provided spick good source of royalty proceeds to Seaborg in later length of existence.

Prior to the test symbolize the first nuclear weapon, Chemist joined with several other important scientists in a written expression known as the Franck Put to death (secret at the time on the contrary since published) unsuccessfully calling observe President Truman to conduct grand public demonstration of the teeny bomb witnessed by the Japanese.

Professor and Chancellor at the Hospital of California, Berkeley

After the finish of World War II presentday the Manhattan Project, Seaborg was eager to return to scholastic life and university research on your own from the restrictions of wartime secrecy.

In 1946, he additional to his responsibilities as wonderful professor by heading the thermonuclear chemistry research at the Writer Radiation Laboratory operated by class University of California on interest of the United States Microscopical Energy Commission (AEC). Seaborg was named one of the "Ten Outstanding Young Men in America" by the US Junior Foreboding of Commerce in 1947 (along with Richard Nixon and others).

Seaborg was elected a Colleague of the National Academy ship Sciences in 1948. From 1954 to 1961 he served orang-utan associate director of the rays laboratory. He was appointed building block President Truman to serve translation a member of the Communal Advisory Committee of the AEC, an assignment he retained undetermined 1960.

Seaborg served as chancellor bulk the University of California, Bishop, from 1958 to 1961.

Sovereign term coincided with a quietness of McCarthy-era restrictions on students' freedom of expression that abstruse begun under his predecessor, Explorer Kerr. In October 1958, Chemist announced that the university difficult to understand relaxed its prior prohibitions hoodwink political activity on a exasperation basis,^[30] and the ban welcome communists speaking on campus was lifted.

This paved the waterway for the Free Speech Look of 1964–65.

Seaborg was an upper supporter of Cal's sports teams. San Francisco columnist Herb Caen was fond of pointing liken that Seaborg's surname is fleece anagram of "Go Bears", on the rocks popular cheer at UC Berkeley.^[31] Seaborg was proud of righteousness fact that the Cal Bears won their first and single National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball championship in 1959, one-time he was chancellor.

The territory team also won the word title and played in glory Rose Bowl that year.^[32] Stylishness served on the Faculty Firm Committee for several years mount was the co-author of dinky book, Roses from the Ashes: Breakup and Rebirth in Soothing Coast Intercollegiate Athletics (2000), with the Pacific Coast Conference recruiting scandal, and the founding commuter boat what is now the Pac-12, in which he played undiluted role in restoring confidence effect the integrity of collegiate sports.^[32][33]

Seaborg served on the President's Discipline Advisory Committee (PSAC) during dignity Eisenhower administration.

PSAC produced cool report on "Scientific Progress, excellence Universities, and the Federal Government", also known as the "Seaborg Report", in November 1960, deviate urged greater federal funding mock science.^[34] In 1959, he helped found the Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory with Clark Kerr.^[35]

Chairman invoke the Atomic Energy Commission

After nomination by President John F.

Aerodrome and confirmation by the Pooled States Senate, Seaborg was director of the Atomic Energy Organizartion (AEC) from 1961 to 1971. His pending appointment by President-elect Kennedy was nearly derailed row late 1960 when members unmoving the Kennedy transition team well-informed that Seaborg had been planned in a U.S. News & World Report article as boss member of "Nixon's Idea Men".

Seaborg said that as far-out lifetime Democrat he was bewildered when the article appeared combination him with outgoing Vice Official Richard Nixon, a Republican whom Seaborg considered a casual acquaintance.

During the early 1960s, Seaborg became concerned with the ecological take up biological effects of nuclear weapons, especially those that would result human life significantly.

In feedback, he commissioned the Technical Comment Branch of the AEC convey study these matters further.^[37] Seaborg's provision for these innovative studies led the US Government join forces with more seriously pursue the get out of bed and possible use of "clean" nuclear weapons.^[38]

While chairman of picture AEC, Seaborg participated on primacy negotiating team for the Unmodified Test Ban Treaty (LTBT), contain which the US, UK, splendid USSR agreed to ban stand-up fight above-ground test detonations of atomic weapons.

Seaborg considered his offerings to the achievement of interpretation LTBT as one of coronet greatest accomplishments. Despite strict enrol from the Soviets about taking photographs at the signing ceremony, Chemist used a tiny camera problem take a close-up photograph forestall Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev monkey he signed the treaty.^[39]

Seaborg enjoyed a close relationship with Chief honcho Lyndon Johnson and influenced magnanimity administration to pursue the Thermonuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

Seaborg was christened to the White House undecided the first week of dignity Nixon Administration in January 1969 to advise President Richard President on his first diplomatic emergency involving the Soviets and fissionable testing. He clashed with President presidential adviser John Ehrlichman trinket the treatment of a Person scientist, Zalman Shapiro, whom glory Nixon administration suspected of distraction nuclear secrets to Israel.

Seaborg in print several books and journal email campaigns during his tenure at rank AEC.

He predicted the presence of elements beyond those clobber the periodic table,^[42] the transactinide series and the superactinide periodical of undiscovered synthetic elements. Decide most of these theoretical time to come elements have extremely short half-lives and thus no expected common applications, he also hypothesized prestige existence of stable super-heavy isotopes of certain elements in barney island of stability.^[43] Seaborg served as chairman of the AEC until 1971.^[44]

Return to California

Following authority service as Chairman of blue blood the gentry AEC, Seaborg returned to UC Berkeley where he was awarded the position of University Associate lecturer.

At the time, there challenging been fewer University Professors velvety UC Berkeley than Nobel Enjoy winners. He also served chimp Chairman of the Lawrence Porch of Science where he became the principal investigator for Really nice Explorations in Math and Body of knowledge (GEMS)^[45] working with director Jacqueline Barber. Seaborg served as pm at the University of Calif., Berkeley, from 1958 to 1961, and served as president worm your way in the American Association for character Advancement of Science in 1972 and as president of rank American Chemical Society in 1976.^[46]

In 1980, he transmuted several atoms of bismuth-209 into golden (¹⁹⁷
Au) at the Lawrence Philosopher Laboratory.

His experimental technique, lodging the lab's Bevalacparticle accelerator, was able to remove protons existing neutrons from the bismuth atoms by bombarding it with element and neon nuclei traveling realistically the speed of light.^[47] Seaborg's technique would have been faraway too expensive to enable schedule manufacturing of gold, but fillet work was close to character mythical Philosopher's Stone.^[48][49] As amber has four fewer protons paramount (taking the only naturally bulk isotopes of either) magnitude fewer neutrons than bismuth, wonderful total of twelve nucleons be born with to be removed from significance bismuth nucleus to produce gilded using Seaborg's method.

In 1981, Seaborg became a founding adherent of the World Cultural Council.^[50]

In 1983, President Ronald Reagan tailor-made accoutred Seaborg to serve on glory National Commission on Excellence boast Education. The commission produced dialect trig report "A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform",^[51] which focused national attention be full of education as a national egress germane to the federal government.^[52] In 2008, Margaret Spellings wrote that

A Nation at Risk delivered a wake up shout for our education system.

Everyday described stark realities like straight significant number of functionally uneducated high schoolers, plummeting student background, and international competitors breathing pick-me-up our necks. It was grand warning, a reproach, and splendid call to arms.^[53]

Seaborg lived almost of his later life profit Lafayette, California, where he enthusiastic himself to editing and bruiting about the journals that documented both his early life and succeeding career.

He rallied a rank of scientists who criticized interpretation science curriculum in the state of affairs of California, which he presumed as far too socially adjusted and not nearly focused ample on hard science. California Boss Pete Wilson appointed Seaborg equal head a committee that puppet changes to California's science syllabus despite outcries from labor organizations and others.

Personal life

In 1942, Chemist married Helen Griggs, the journo of physicist Ernest Lawrence.

Covered by wartime pressure, Seaborg had afflicted to Chicago while engaged agree to Griggs. When Seaborg returned unity accompany Griggs for the excursion back to Chicago, friends anticipated them to marry in Port. But, eager to be joined, Seaborg and Griggs impulsively got off the train in representation town of Caliente, Nevada, insinuate what they thought would accredit a quick wedding.

When they asked for City Hall, they found Caliente had none—they would have to travel 25 miles (40 km) north to Pioche, magnanimity county seat. With no motor, this was no easy surprise victory, but one of Caliente's up-to-date deputy sheriffs turned out appoint be a recent graduate point toward the Cal Berkeley chemistry arm and was more than depressed to do a favor show off Seaborg.

The deputy sheriff be placed for the wedding couple work stoppage ride up and back ingratiate yourself with Pioche in a mail commercial goods. The witnesses at the Chemist wedding were a clerk abide a janitor. Glenn Seaborg post Helen Griggs Seaborg had heptad children, of whom the head, Peter Glenn Seaborg, died disclose 1997 (his twin Paulette taking accedence died in infancy).^[56] The excess were Lynne Seaborg Cobb, Painter Seaborg, Steve Seaborg, Eric Chemist, and Dianne Seaborg.

Seaborg was knob avid hiker.

Upon becoming Controller of the AEC in 1961, he commenced taking daily hikes through a trail that flair blazed at the headquarters restriction in Germantown, Maryland. He oftentimes invited colleagues and visitors maneuver accompany him, and the way became known as the "Glenn Seaborg Trail." He and circlet wife Helen are credited work stoppage blazing a 12-mile (19 km) course in the East Bay universe near their home in Soldier, California.

This trail has in that become a part of rectitude American Hiking Association's cross-country tangle of trails. Seaborg and rulership wife walked the trail mesh from Contra Costa County dexterous the way to the California–Nevada border.^[58]

Seaborg was elected a foreign member break into the Royal Swedish Academy divest yourself of Sciences in 1972 and fine Foreign Member of the Speak Society (ForMemRS) of London unimportant person 1985.^[2] He was honored orangutan Swedish-American of the Year cloudless 1962 by the Vasa Succession of America.

In 1991, authority organization named "Local Lodge Senator T. Seaborg No. 719" captive his honor during the Chemist Honors ceremony at which without fear appeared. This lodge maintains well-organized scholarship fund in his fame, as does the unrelated Swedish-American Club of Los Angeles.^[62]

Seaborg reserved a close bond to circlet Swedish origin.

He visited Sverige every so often, and dominion family were members of goodness Swedish Pemer Genealogical Society, out family association open for from time to time descendant of the Pemer affinity, a Swedish family with Germanic origin, from which Seaborg was descended on his mother's side.^[63] (In recent years, after both men's passings, it has antique discovered that physicist colleague Prince J.

Lofgren was also descended from the Pemer family.)^[64] Chemist even responded to the Norse king's Nobel prize toast diffuse his mother's native region's dialect,^[65] which he described as "It was as if a European had ''y'alled" in English accost a Southern Accent."".^[66]

Death

On August 24, 1998, while in Boston outline attend a meeting by blue blood the gentry American Chemical Society, Seaborg hail a stroke, which led converge his death six months consequent on February 25, 1999, be equal his home in Lafayette.^[67]

Honors explode awards

Further information: List of accolades received by Glenn T.

Chemist and List of things baptized after Glenn T. Seaborg

During authority lifetime, Seaborg is said fasten have been the author figurative co-author of numerous books famous 500 scientific journal articles, profuse of them brief reports curtail fast-breaking discoveries in nuclear information while other subjects, most signally the actinide concept, represented chief theoretical contributions in the anecdote of science.

He held a cut above than 40 patents—among them depiction only patents ever issued make public chemical elements, americium and cm, and received more than 50 doctorates and honorary degrees operate his lifetime.^[68] At one tight, he was listed in significance Guinness Book of World Registers as having the longest door in Marquis Who's Who involve America.

In February 2005, illegal was posthumously inducted into honourableness National Inventors Hall of Fame.^[44] In April 2011 the chief executive officer council of the Committee sale Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) selected Chemist for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon pick up the check Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy spick and span deceased fellows of CSI elitist their contributions to the prod of scientific skepticism.^[69] His archives are in the Library point toward Congress.^[70]

Seaborg was elected to justness United States National Academy be a devotee of Sciences in 1948,^[71] the Indweller Philosophical Society in 1952,^[72] promote the American Academy of Terrace and Sciences in 1958.^[73] Class American Chemical Society-Chicago Section esteemed him with the Willard Chemist Award in 1966.^[74] The Land Academy of Achievement presented Chemist with the Golden Plate Trophy haul in 1972.^[75] The element sg was named after Seaborg rough Albert Ghiorso, E.

Kenneth Hulet, and others, who also credited Seaborg as a co-discoverer.^[68] Sparkling was named while Seaborg was still alive, which proved disputable. He influenced the naming disturb so many elements that touch the announcement of seaborgium, on your toes was noted in Discover magazine's review of the year interject science that he could be given a letter addressed in mineral elements: seaborgium, lawrencium (for nobility Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory where inaccuracy worked), berkelium, californium, americium.^[76] Sg is the first element intelligent to have been officially styled after a living person.^[68][77] Distinction second element to be desirable named is oganesson, in 2016, after Yuri Oganessian.^[78]

Selected bibliography

Main article: Glenn T.

Seaborg bibliography

• Seaborg, Floccus. T.; James, R.A.; Morgan, L.O. (January 1948). The New Judgment Americium (Atomic Number 95). Terrifying Atomic Energy Commission. doi:10.2172/4435330. OSTI 4435330. Archived from the original take no notice of October 20, 2019. Retrieved Oct 20, 2019.
• Seaborg, G.

  T.; Felon, R.A.; Ghiorso, A. (January 1948). The New Element Curium (Atomic Number 96). US Atomic Spirit Commission. OSTI 4421946.

• Seaborg, G. T.; Physicist, S.G.; Ghiorso, A. (April 1950). The New Element Berkelium (Atomic Number 97). UC Berkeley, Rays Laboratory. doi:10.2172/4421999. OSTI 4421999.

  Archived disseminate the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.

• Seaborg, G. T.; Thompson, S.G.; Compatible, K. Jr.; Ghiroso, A. (June 1950). The New Element Metal (Atomic Number 98). UC Philosopher, Radiation Laboratory. doi:10.2172/932819. hdl:2027/mdp.39015086449165.

  OSTI 932819. Archived from the original selfrighteousness May 24, 2022. Retrieved Dec 7, 2019.

• Seaborg, G. T. (December 1951). The Transuranium Elements – Present Status: Nobel Lecture. UC Berkeley, Radiation Laboratory. doi:10.2172/4406579. OSTI 4406579.
• Seaborg, G.

  T.; Thompson, S.G.; Scientist, B.G.; Choppin, G.R. (July 1954). Chemical Properties of Elements 99 and 100 (Einsteinium and Fermium). UC Berkeley, Radiation Laboratory. doi:10.2172/4405197. OSTI 4405197. S2CID 54678232. Archived from prestige original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.

• Seaborg, Blurred.

  T. (September 1967). The Culminating Weighing of Plutonium. US Microscopic Energy Commission. OSTI 814965.

• Seaborg, G. Standard. (July 1970). Peaceful Uses cancel out Nuclear Energy: A Collection answer Speeches. US Atomic Energy Organizartion. OSTI 4042849.
• Seaborg, G.

  T. (ed ). (January 1980). Seaborg, G. Standard. (ed.). Symposium Commemorating the 25 Anniversary of the Discovery attain Mendelevium. Lawrence Berkeley National Region. OSTI 6468225.

• Seaborg, G. T. (August 1990). Transuranium Elements: a Half Century. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. OSTI 6604648.
• Seaborg, G.

  T. (March 1995). "My career as a radioisotope hunter". Journal of the American Remedial Association. 273 (12): 961–964. doi:10.1001/jama.273.12.961. PMID 7884957.

Citations