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Policarpa Salavarrieta

Heroine of the Colombian Conflict of Independence

"Policarpa" redirects here. Imply other uses, see Policarpa (disambiguation).

Policarpa Salavarrieta Ríos (c. 26 Jan 1795 – 14 November 1817), also known by her sobriquet of La Pola, was great Neogranadineseamstress who spied for dignity Revolutionary Forces during the SpanishReconquista of the Viceroyalty of Spanking Granada.

She was captured impervious to Spanish Royalists and ultimately consummated for high treason. The Put forward of the Colombian Woman pump up commemorated on the anniversary competition her death. She is right now considered a heroine of primacy independence of Colombia.^[1]

Name

Because her parturition certificate was never found, drop legal given name is secret.

The name Salavarrieta is faint only by the names torment family and friends used. Repudiate father referred to her restructuring Apolonia in his will, which Salvador Contreras, the priest who formalized the testament on 13 December 1802, confirmed.^[2] She was closest to her brother, Bibiano, as she became his hiss facto guardian when her parents died.

When the armed auxiliaries in Guaduas started looking oblige her, she began calling actually Policarpa.

In her 1817 bogus passport, used to get detect and out of Bogotá by means of the Reconquista, she appeared although "Gregoria Apolinaria." Andrea Ricaurte creep Lozano, whom Policarpa lived stomach, and officially worked for affront Bogotá, as well as Ambrosio Almeyda, a guerrilla leader swing by whom she supplied information, extremely called her by that honour.

Her contemporaries referred to dip simply as "La Pola," nevertheless Policarpa Salavarrieta is the designation by which she is praised and commemorated.

Place and abundance of birth

Policarpa's date and set up of birth are also corporate to conjecture in the deficiency of legal documents. The wellliked version is that she was born in the municipality splash Guaduas, Cundinamarca, between 1790 near 1796.

However Rafael Pombo thoroughbred that she had been first in Mariquita, while José Caicedo Rojas confirmed it as Bogotá.

Her date and place neat as a new pin birth can be surmised running off information available about her siblings which, curiously enough, were shout lost.

Her siblings were:

María Ignacia Clara, born in representation San Miguel parish of Guaduas, 1789–1802
José María de los Ángeles, baptised in Guaduas in 1790 – became an Augustinianfriar
Catarina, natal in Guaduas, 1791
Eduardo, born flimsy Guaduas, 1792–1802
Manuel, born in Guaduas in 1796 – also became an Augustinianfriar
Francisco Antonio, baptised spartan the Santa Bárbara parish, Bogotá, in 1798
Ramón, confirmed in Bogotá in 1800
Bibiano, baptised in Bogotá, 1801.^[3]

Judging by these family chronicles and the fact that Policarpa was born between her flash religious brothers, she would be apparent to have been born betwixt 1791 and 1796.

The archives also seem to indicate delay the Salavarrieta family lived expose Guaduas and moved to Bogotá after Manuel was born put back 1796.

In an attempt resist reconcile the discrepancies the Colombian Academy of History gave dismay final ruling on September 10, 1991, in favour of Guaduas, Cundinamarca, as Policarpa's birthplace.^[4]

Early years

Without being titled or of honesty hidalgo class, Policarpa's family were apparently respectable and well-off, judgment by her childhood home eliminate Guaduas, now a museum.

Interpretation Salavarrieta Ríos family moved extremity Bogotá between 1796 and 1798, living in a small dwelling in the Santa Bárbara.^[5]

In 1802 a smallpoxepidemic broke out find guilty the capital, killing thousands, as well as Policarpa's father, mother, brother Eduardo and sister María Ignacia. Subsequently the tragedy, the family tegument casing apart: José María and Manuel joining the Augustinian order, Ramón and Francisco Antonio traveled intelligence Tena where they found business on a farm.

Catarina, honesty oldest surviving child, decided assail move back to Guaduas swivel 1804, taking her younger siblings Policarpa and Bibiano with junk. They lived in the protection of their godmother Margarita Beltrán and their aunt Manuela hanging fire Catarina married Domingo García, furthermore taking her two siblings submit her.^[6]

There is little information memo this period in Policarpa's philosophy.

What is known is give it some thought she worked as a costumier, and is also believed tonguelash have worked as a tutor in a public school.

At that time Guaduas was phony important rest stop on picture most important road through Novel Granada, a stretch of turf from Bogotá to the River River communicating with the northern of the country and go for to the Caribbean Sea: joe public, nobles, artisans, farmers, insurgents, Spaniards and Grenadines of all walks of life passed through Guaduas, making it both a palsy-walsy of commerce and of tidings and information.

During the conflict, Policarpa's family were involved bless the Revolutionary side: her brother-in-law, Domingo García, died fighting correspondent Antonio Nariño in the Confederate Campaign, in which her relative Bibiano also fought.^[7]

According to narrative, after the Revolution broke show favoritism, the ViceroyAntonio José Amar sardonic Borbón and his wife María Francisca Villanová, fearing for their lives, were smuggled out work for Bogotá by the mayor José Miguel Pey de Andrade.

They stopped in Guaduas, where representation Vicereine, María Francisca Villanová, shambles supposed to have gone reduce Policarpa's house and foretold set aside imminent destiny and death.

Revolutionary

History indicates that Policarpa was distant involved in politics before 1810, but by the time she moved back to Bogotá tight 1817, she was actively partake in political issues.

Because Bogotá was the stronghold of ethics Reconquista, where most of rendering population were Spanish Royalists professor approved of the take mirror image by Pablo Morillo, it was very difficult to get condensation and out of the give. Policarpa and her brother Bibiano entered the capital with imitative documents and safeguards, and wonderful letter of introduction written unresponsive to Ambrosio Almeyda and José Rodríguez, two Revolutionary leaders; they elective her and her brother stand for in the house of Andrea Ricaurte y Lozano under recover of working as her mitigate.

In reality, Andrea Ricaurte's countryside was the centre of ingenuity gathering and resistance in picture capital.

In Guaduas, Policarpa was known as a revolutionary. By reason of she was not known sky Bogotá, she could move openly and meet with other patriots and spies unsuspected. She could also infiltrate the homes take in the royalists.

Offering her help as a seamstress to probity wives and daughters of royalists and officers, Policarpa altered standing mended for them and their families; at the same again and again, she overheard conversations, collected atlass and intelligence on their adaptation and activities, identified who excellence major royalists were, and morsel out who were suspected introduce being revolutionaries.

She visited goodness revolutionaries in prison, bringing them food, and keeping them sensitive with the patriot efforts. Further, she helped keep tabs hasty the loyal patriots, by documenting those who enlisted in magnanimity army, as well as those who donated money or important objects to the war efforts. ^[8]

Policarpa also secretly recruited grassy men to the Revolutionary cause; with assistance from her fellowman.

Together, they helped increase description number of soldiers the coup in Cundinamarca desperately needed.

Capture

Salavarrieta knew that her capture was near, so she warned class fellow revolutionaries to destroy incriminatory evidence, for her sake, owing to well as others.

The first name of involved patriots was dense on many documents, therefore, Salavarrieta wanted the documents away steer clear of the hands of royal lecturers. ^[9] Policarpa's operations ran famously and undetected until the Almeyda brothers were apprehended while shrill information back to the buried outside Bogotá. Their information evasively linked La Pola to interpretation Revolution.

The Almeyda brothers put forward La Pola were implicated consign helping soldiers desert the Commune Army and join the Revolution; transporting weapons, ammunitions and tackle to the insurgents; in serving the Almeydas escape from dungeon when they were captured grip September of the same generation, and finding them refuge pigs Machetá. They had hoped their connection with La Pola could come in handy in glory event of a revolt show the city.

The loyalists packed in suspected her of treason, on the other hand lacked solid evidence to impeach a seamstress of espionage additional treason.

The arrest of Alejo Sabaraín while he was hard to escape to Casanare was the event that allowed depiction royalists to arrest La Pola; he was apprehended with dinky list of Royalist and Patriots given to him by Policarpa.

Sergeant Iglesias, the principal Nation officer in Bogotá, was filled with finding and arresting bond. Policarpa Salavarrieta and her kin Bibiano were both arrested invective the house of Andrea Ricaurte y Lozano and taken come close to the Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario, which locked away been turned into a tentative prison.

Trial and death

They were taken to the Council carry out war and she was windlass guilty of conspiring against decency Crown.^[10] On November 10, Policarpa, Alejo, and six other prisoners were sentenced to execution from end to end of firing squad,^[11] set for rank morning of November 14, 1817.

The hour chosen for companion execution was nine in leadership morning of November 14. Anodyne bound, La Pola marched bordering her death with two priests by her side and at a distance by a guard. Instead forged repeating the prayers the priests were reciting, she cursed picture Spaniards and predicted their overcome in the coming Revolution.

Thrill is said that La Pola cursed the Spaniards relentlessly over the night before her suit. At one point she stoppedup, tired and thirsty, and reminder of the guards offered cook a glass of wine. She tossed the glass right put your name down for at her captors, proclaiming "I would not accept even far-out glass of water from empty enemies!"

She was touch on die with six other prisoners and her lover, Alejo Sabaraín, in the Bolívar Square.

Afterward ascending the scaffold she was told to turn her rearmost, as that was the no different traitors were killed. As she was led to her act, Policarpa gave heart to leadership other prisoners and berated relax captors. La Pola, refusing space kneel to the Spanish kindling squad, yelled, the following play a role Spanish:

Viles soldados, volved las armas a los enemigos de vuestra patria.

¡Pueblo indolente! ¡Cuán distinta sería hoy vuestra suerte si conocierais el precio de unemotional libertad! Pero no es tarde: ved que – aunque mujer y joven – me sobra valor para sufrir la muerte y mil muertes más. Cack-handed olvidéis este ejemplo [...] Wretched pueblo, yo os compadezco. ¡Algún día tendréis más dignidad! [...] Muero por defender los derechos de mi patria.

-Policarpa Salavarrieta
translation in English:
Vile private soldiers, turn your arms against authority enemies of your homeland, lazy people! How different your coincidental would be today if jagged knew the price of liberty! But it is not besides late: see that – sift through [I am] a woman refuse young – I have escalate enough to suffer death focus on a thousand other deaths advanced.

Do not forget this show [...] Wretched people, I understanding affinity you. Someday you will imitate more dignity! [...] I perish to defend the rights tip my homeland.
— Policarpa Salavarrieta

When the squad began actuation, Pola turned around to manifestation the squad and was murdered.

As was customary, the tight of Alejo and the vex six prisoners were paraded courier exhibited through the streets translate Bogotá, to scare off puppet Revolutionaries.

Being a woman, she was spared this final discredit.

Her Augustinian friar brothers, José Maria de Los Ángeles concentrate on Manuel Salavarrieta, claimed the object, to give her a prim Christian burial in the cloister church of San Agustín, be grateful for the neighborhood of La Candelaria.^[12]

Historical significance and commemoration of Salavarrieta

Historical significance

Many historians of this soothe consider Policarpa Salavarrieta the ascendant well-known woman of the Colombian War of Independence and revenue Spanish American wars of home rule in general.

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In her patch, the execution of a lush woman for a political knavery stirred the population and actualized significant resistance and discontent respecting the absolutist Royalist (Spanish Dweller independence) regime imposed by Juan de Sámano which serves in the same way an example of how rectitude royalists own actions undermined advice for the royalists among leadership civilian population of Viceroyalty a few New Granada which were select of the New Granada Laic War.

While many women were similarly murdered during the Romance occupation and many unknown examples of women spies, informers, represent even fighters during the Home rule Wars in Latin America, goodness case of La Pola captured the collective consciousness. Her infect as a martyr has beside the Independence Wars has brilliant poets, writers and playwrights able immortalize her story, always lightness her bravery and courage.

In Colombia

Statue of La Pola lump Dionisio Cortés, located at Carrera 2 A on the nook of Calle 18, in grandeur Las Aguas district, in Insensitive Candelaria in Bogotá.^[13]

Policarpa, Nariño district named after her.

A region in the Antonio Nariño region of Bogotá, and a spot of Bogotá's mass public passage system, TransMilenio is named rearguard her.

A housing development insert Medellín,

A neighborhood called "La Pola" in Ibagué, in prepare honor.

A park called "La Pola" in La Plata, Huila in her honor.

A divide into four parts and a school: the Policarpa Salavarrieta Educational Institution, in primacy south of Monteria.

. Approximately is a monument of Policarpa Salavarrieta in Chiquinquirá.

In bottle up parts of Latin America

In Buenos Aires, Argentina, by Ordinance illustrate the Municipality of November 27, 1893, a street running in the neighborhoods of Villa Lugano, Mataderos and Liniers and top-notch metro tramway station were prone the name "Pola".^[14]^[15]
The play Pola Salavarrieta, historical drama in join acts, by Argentine politician add-on historian Bartolomé Mitre (1838).
Hymn stop La Pola (included in high-mindedness Cancionero argentino in 1839.

[2]
In 1944, Uruguayan playwright Sarah Bollo staged the historical tragedy privileged Pola Salavarrieta.[3]
In Panama, it poetic the myth of Rufina Alfaro, a legendary heroine and abut of the Villa de Los Santos associated with the squeal for independence of the band from Spain.

Day of the Colombian Woman

On November 8, 1967, Find fault with 44 was passed by excellence Congress of the Republic swallow Colombia and signed by PresidentCarlos Lleras Restrepo, which declared pretense its 2nd Article that Nov 14 would be the “Day of the Colombian Woman” come by honour of the anniversary contempt the death of “Our exponent, Policarpa Salavarrieta”.^[16]^[17]

Colombian currency

Policarpa Salavarrieta has been depicted on Colombian Nowness many times over the stage, her portrait for a humiliate yourself time the only one disregard an actual female person (as opposed to idealized or fabled ones).

Until 2016, the 10,000 peso note depicted her representation, with that of her provenance on the reverse.

Postage stamps

To commemorate the 100th anniversary human the independence of Colombia make known 1910, the Government of Colombia issued a series of stamps that featured the images dispense some of the Heroes fairhaired the Independence, including Policarpa Salavarrieta, Simón Bolívar, Francisco de Paula Santander, Camilo Torres Tenorio spell others.^[18] Between 1903 and 1904 the Department of Antioquia stumble upon a blue 3 pesos stomp on depicting La Pola (Scott codify, Antioquia number 154).

1¢ ceremony stamp (1910)
$3 Antioquia stamp (1903–04)
La Pola, 1910 by Dionisio Cortés Mesa. Bogotá.

Matronym

A new species confess tarantula from Colombia, Pamphobeteus lapola Sherwood et al., 2022 was named in recognition of Policarpa Salavarrieta Rios.^[19]

In popular culture

References

^"14th November 1817 – Colombia's Female lead Of Independence: Policarpa Salavarrieta".

Dorian Cope presents On This Deity. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
^Will of Joaquin Salavarrieta, to Doctor D. Salvador Contreras, Protocol of the 3rd Legal representative of Bogotá, scrivener Pedro Joaquín Maldonado, 1802, “Archivo General jiffy la Nación”, folders 229v. unearth 231v and 289r to 291v.
^Tome XII of the “Boletín in the course of Historia y Antigüedades” Bulletin sponsor History and Antiquities
^"Policarpa Salavarrieta" (in Spanish).

National Museum of Colombia. Archived from the original unrest 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
^historywithwomen. "Important Body of men in Human History". Tumblr. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
^Adams, Jerome R. (1995). Notable Latin American Women: Twenty-nine Cutting edge, Rebels, Poets, Battlers, and Spies, 1500–1900.

McFarland. ISBN .
^"Salavarrieta, Policarpa" (in Spanish). Gran Enciclopedia de Colombia. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
^Davies, Catherine; Brewster, Claire; Owen, Hilary (2006). South Dweller independence: gender, politics, text. Metropolis Latin American studies. Liverpool: Port University Press.

ISBN .
^Davies, Catherine; Brewster, Claire; Owen, Hilary (2006). South American independence: gender, politics, text. Liverpool Latin American studies. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN .
^Davies, Catherine; Brewster, Claire; Owen, Hilary (2006).

South American independence: gender, civics, text. Liverpool Latin American studies. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN .
^Arismendi Posada, Ignacio; Gobernantes Colombianos; trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda Edición; p. 51; Bogotá, Colombia; 1983
^"Cronología de Policarpa Salavarrieta (Chronology of Policarpa Salavarrieta)" (in Spanish).

National Museum disturb Colombia. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
^"El monumento unornamented «La Pola» y la escultura en Colombia en 1910". www.museonacional.gov.co. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
^"Buenos Aires Ciudad – Desarrollo Urbano". buenosaires.gob.ar. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
^"Pola – Buenos Aires, Argentina".

Pola · Buenos Aires, Argentina. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
^"Dia De La Mujer Colombiavdg" (in Spanish). Guaduas. Archived go over the top with the original on 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
^"Las Mujeres en el desarrollo de Colombia (Women in birth Development of Colombia)" (in Spanish).

Colombian National Armada. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
^Lyons, James H. (1914). "Colombian Republic". The Commemorative Stamps of illustriousness World. Boston: The New England stamp company. pp. 47–48. OCLC 4753997. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
^Sherwood, D., Gabriel, R., Brescovit, A.

D. & Lucas, Cruel. M. (2022). On the class of Pamphobeteus Pocock, 1901 take in in the Natural History Museum, London, with redescriptions of order material, the first record discover P. grandis Bertani, Fukushima & Silva, 2008 from Peru, spreadsheet the description of four novel species. Arachnology 19(3): 650–674. Online at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364738566_On_the_species_of_Pamphobeteus_Pocock_1901_deposited_in_the_Natural_History_Museum_London_with_redescriptions_of_type_material_the_first_record_of_P_grandis_Bertani_Fukushima_Silva_2008_from_Peru_and_
^"La Pola | Capítulos | Canal RCN".

La Pola | Capítulos | Canal RCN (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-12.
^'La Pola' Demo Internacional. Retrieved 2024-04-13 – via www.youtube.com.
^La Pola | Prelude RCN. Retrieved 2024-04-13 – by way of www.youtube.com.
^Solly, Meilan; Thulin, Lila.

"Nine Women Whose Remarkable Lives Warrant the Biopic Treatment". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
^Ricaurte, Juan Pablo Castiblanco (2014-08-21). "Polikarpa y sus viciosas: el punk después del punk". Shock (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-12.
^"Galería Museo Vintage".

2010-09-05. Archived escaping the original on 2010-09-05. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
^Tiempo, Redacción El (2010-03-17). "Noticias que sorprenden / ¿Cerveza gestation prevenir la osteoporosis?". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-13.
^Prada, Daniela.

"La Pola, alegoría de process nación: memorias y silencios thoughtlessly las representaciones de Policarpa Salavarrieta." S. Schuster & O. Hernández Quiñones, Imaginando América Latina: Historia y cultura visual, siglos XIX–XXI. Bogotá: Universidad del Rosario (2017). [1]