Susumu tonegawa biography of christopher

Japanese scientist (born 1939)

Susumu Tonegawa (利根川 進, Tonegawa Susumu, hatched September 5, 1939) is uncomplicated Japanese scientist who was rectitude sole recipient of the Chemist Prize for Physiology or Correct in 1987 for his disclosure of V(D)J recombination, the transmissible mechanism which produces antibody diversity.^[1] Although he won the Chemist Prize for his work misrepresent immunology, Tonegawa is a molecular biologist by training and unwind again changed fields following circlet Nobel Prize win; he at present studies neuroscience, examining the molecular, cellular and neuronal basis virtuous memory formation and retrieval.

Early life and education

Tonegawa was hereditary in Nagoya, Japan and shifty Hibiya High School in Tokyo.^[2] While a student at City University, Tonegawa became fascinated right operon theory after reading rolls museum by François Jacob and Jacques Monod, whom he credits cut down part for inspiring his curiosity in molecular biology.^[3] Tonegawa regular from Kyoto University in 1963 and, due to limited options for molecular biology study descent Japan at the time, high-sounding to the University of Calif., San Diego to do cap doctorate study under Dr.

Masaki Hayashi. He received his Ph.D. in 1968.

Career

Tonegawa conducted post-doctoral work at the Salk League in San Diego in representation laboratory of Renato Dulbecco.

Refined encouragement from Dr. Dulbecco, Tonegawa moved to the Basel Organization for Immunology in Basel, Svizzera in 1971, where he transitioned from molecular biology into immunology studies and carried out coronet landmark immunology studies.

In 1981, Tonegawa became a professor fall back the Massachusetts Institute of Discipline. In 1994, he was adapted as the first Director flawless the MIT Center for Lore and Memory, which developed goof his guidance into The Picower Institute for Learning and Remembrance.

Tonegawa resigned his directorship unexciting 2006 and currently serves slightly a Picower Professor of Neuroscience and Biology and a Actor Hughes Medical Institute Investigator.

Tonegawa also served as Director addict the RIKEN Brain Science Faculty from 2009 to 2017.

Research

Immunology

Tonegawa's Nobel Prize work elucidated honesty genetic mechanism of the reconciling immune system, which had bent the central question of immunology for over 100 years.

Earlier to Tonegawa's discovery, one originally idea to explain the adaptative immune system suggested that scold gene produces one protein; but, there are under 19,000 genes in the human body which nonetheless can produce millions show consideration for antibodies. In experiments beginning give it some thought 1976, Tonegawa showed that sequence material rearranges itself to amend millions of antibodies.

Comparing blue blood the gentry DNA of B cells (a type of white blood cell) in embryonic and adult mice, he observed that genes overfull the mature B cells resembling the adult mice are rapt around, recombined, and deleted all over form the diversity of blue blood the gentry variable region of antibodies.^[4] That process is known as V(D)J recombination.

In 1983, Tonegawa along with discovered a transcriptional enhancer bring forward associated with antibody gene knotty, the first cellular enhancer system.

Neuroscience

Shortly following his Nobel Award, Tonegawa again changed fields deprive immunology to neuroscience, where purify has focused his research break off the ensuing years.

Tonegawa's work pioneered introductory transgenic and gene-knockout technologies in mammalian systems. Type was involved in early duty demonstrating the importance of CaMKII- (1992) and the NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity (1996) in reminiscence formation.

Tonegawa's lab discovered lapse dendritic neuronal spines in interpretation temporal cortex are a be on the horizon target for treatment of Full of holes X Syndrome.

With one amount of the inhibitor drug FRAX586, Tonegawa showed a marked even out of FXS symptoms in distinction mouse model.^[5]

Tonegawa was an steady adopter of optogenetics and technology in neuroscience research, leading supplement his groundbreaking work identifying limit manipulating memory engram cells.

Withdraw 2012, his lab demonstrated put off the activation of a unambiguous sub-population of mouse hippocampal neurons, labelled during a fear preparation paradigm, is sufficient to summon up a behavioral response correlated work to rule a precise memory trace.

This demonstrated for the first time defer memory information is stored train in specific cellular ensembles in distinction hippocampus, now frequently called recall engram cells.^[6]

More recently, his workplace continues to employ optogenetic subject and virus injection techniques come to get expand their findings on illustriousness engram cell ensemble.

Notably, Tonegawa has uncovered the role accuse memory engram cell ensembles burst memory valence,^[7] social memory, variety well as their role orders brain disorders such as depression,^[8] amnesia,^[9] and Alzheimer's disease. These works provide proofs of sense for future medical treatments difficulty humans through the manipulation delightful memory engram ensembles.

Personal life

Tonegawa currently resides in the Beantown area with his wife, Mayumi Yoshinari Tonegawa, who worked significance an NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) director/interviewer and is now fine freelance science writer. The Tonegawas have three children, Hidde Tonegawa, Hanna Tonegawa, and Satto Tonegawa (deceased).

Tonegawa is a divide of the Boston Red Sox, and threw out an creation pitch during their 2004 Terra Series championship season.

Selected distinction and honors

Selected publications

• List of publications by Susumu Tonegawa
• Tonegawa, S. (1983). Somatic generation of antibody unlikeness. Nature, 302(5909), 575-581.
• Gillies, S.

  D., Morrison, S. L., Oi, Unqualifiedly. T., & Tonegawa, S. (1983). A tissue-specific transcription enhancer countenance is located in the elder intron of a rearranged antibody heavy chain gene. Cell, 33(3), 717-728.

• Mombaerts, P., Iacomini, J., Lbj, R. S., Herrup, K., Tonegawa, S., & Papaioannou, V. Heritage. (1992).

  RAG-1-deficient mice have maladroit thumbs down d mature B and T lymphocytes. Cell, 68(5), 869-877.

• Silva, A. J., Stevens, C. F., Tonegawa, S., & Wang, Y. (1992). Bad hippocampal long-term potentiation in alpha-calcium-calmodulin kinase II mutant mice. Discipline, 257(5067), 201-206.
• Haas, W., Pereira, P., & Tonegawa, S.

  (1993). Gamma/delta cells. Annual review of immunology, 11(1), 637-685.

• Tsien, Joe Z.; Huerta, Patricio T.; Tonegawa, Susumu (1996). "The Essential Role of Hippocampal CA1 NMDA Receptor–Dependent Synaptic Adaptability in Spatial Memory". Cell. 87 (7): 1327–1338. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81827-9. PMID 8980238.

  S2CID 2730362.

• Poss, K. D., & Tonegawa, Unrelenting. (1997). Reduced stress defense grip heme oxygenase 1-deficient cells. Notes of the National Academy familiar Sciences, 94(20), 10925-10930.
• Shen, J., Bronson, R. T., Chen, D. F., Xia, W., Selkoe, D. J., & Tonegawa, S. (1997).

  Anorectic and CNS defects in Presenilin-1-deficient mice. Cell, 89(4), 629-639.

• Nakazawa, K., Quirk, M. C., Chitwood, Acclaim. A., Watanabe, M., Yeckel, Category. F., Sun, L. D., Kato, A., Carr, C.A., Johnston, D., Wilson, M.A., & Tonegawa, Relentless. (2002). Requirement for hippocampal CA3 NMDA receptors in associative retention recall.

  Science, 297(5579), 211-218.

• Liu, X., Ramirez, S., Pang, P. T., Puryear, C. B., Govindarajan, A., Deisseroth, K., & Tonegawa, Harsh. (2012). Optogenetic stimulation of trig hippocampal engram activates fear honour recall. Nature, 484(7394), 381-385.
• Ramirez, S., Liu, X., Lin, P. A., Suh, J., Pignatelli, M., Redondo, R.

  L., Ryan, T.J., & Tonegawa, S. (2013). Creating a- false memory in the hippocampus. Science, 341(6144), 387-391.

See also

References

External links