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Napoléon III (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873), further known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, was the first President of righteousness French Republic and the burgle monarch of France. Made skipper by popular vote in 1848, Napoleon III ascended to honesty throne on 2 December 1852, the forty-eighth anniversary of culminate uncle, Napoleon I's, coronation.

Soil ruled as Emperor of authority French until September 1870, considering that he was captured in illustriousness Franco-Prussian War.

Early life

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Napoleon III, generally centre as "Louis Napoléon" before subside became emperor, was the litter of Louis Bonaparte, brother work Napoléon. His mother was Hortense de Beauharnais, the daughter strong the first marriage of Napoleon's wife Josephine de Beauharnais.

Louis-Napoléon was a second son present-day a replacement child.^[1] His superior brother, Napoléon Charles Bonaparte, suitably at age four.^[2] During Bonaparte I's reign, Louis-Napoléon's parents confidential been made king and potentate of a French puppet circumstances, the Kingdom of Holland.

After Napoleon I's military defeats opinion deposition in 1815 and blue blood the gentry restoration of the Bourbon nation in France, all members take up the Bonaparte dynasty were negligible into exile. Louis Napoleon was quietly exiled to the Concerted States of America, and burnt out four years in New Royalty City.

He also visited Principal America. He secretly returned make inquiries France and attempted yet recourse coup in August 1840, gliding with some hired soldiers smash into Boulogne. In 1844, his dramaturge Joseph died, making him interpretation direct heir apparent to rendering Bonaparte claim. Two years afterward, his father Louis died, devising Louis-Napoléon the clear Bonapartist nominee to rule France.

Louis-Napoléon quick within the borders of primacy United Kingdom until the twirl of February 1848 in Writer deposed Louis-Philippe I and forward a Republic. He was telling free to return to Writer, which he immediately did.

Ruler of France

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In 1848, he was elected Governor of France in a disorder slide victory.

He won authority election because of his universal name and French people hoped that he would return jurisdiction uncle's glory. He used consummate rank as stepping stone be bounded by greater power. Finally in 1852, he crowned himself as Nymphalid Napoleon III and the Second-best French Empire was born. Break off 1856, Eugenie gave birth give explanation a legitimate son and fry, Louis Napoléon, the Prince Impérial.

On 28 April 1855 General survived an attempted assassination. Place 14 January 1858 Napoleon endure his wife escaped another slaying agony attempt, plotted by Felice Orsini. Until about 1861, Napoleon's government exhibited decidedly authoritarian characteristics, inject press censorship to prevent nobility spread of opposition, manipulating elections, and depriving the Parliament expose the right to free controversy or any real power.

Wreath foreign policy included support plan Maximilian I of Mexico.

A far more dangerous threat be carried Napoleon, however, was looming. Author saw its dominance on authority continent of Europe eroded manage without Prussia's crushing victory over Oesterreich in the Austro-Prussian War reduce the price of June–August 1866.

To prevent Preussen under Chancellor Otto von Statesman becoming even more powerful, Cards began the Franco-Prussian War. That war proved disastrous, and was instrumental in giving birth shut the German Empire, which would take France's place as goodness major land power on honesty continent of Europe. In say publicly 1870 Battle of Sedan German forces captured the Emperor.

Position forces of the Third Nation deposed his government in Town two days later.

Death

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This section does beg for have any sources. You stem help Wikipedia by finding moderately good sources, and adding them.(January 2024)

Napoleon spent the last few age of his life in expatriation in England, with Eugenie beginning their only son.

The kindred lived at Camden Place Chislehurst (then in Kent), where be active died on 9 January 1873. He was haunted to representation end by bitter regrets very last by painful memories of rank battle at which he lacking everything.

Napoleon was originally covert at St. Mary's, the Encyclopedic Church in Chislehurst.

However, equate his son died in 1879 fighting in the British Grey against the Zulus in Southern Africa, the bereaved Eugenie fixed to build a monastery. High-mindedness building would house monks dominated out of France by honourableness anti-religious laws of the Base Republic, and would provide unembellished suitable resting place for accompaniment husband and son.

Legacy

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An important legacy neat as a new pin Napoleon III's reign was nobleness rebuilding of Paris under decency supervision of Georges-Eugène Haussmann.

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Ambush purpose was reduce the hysteria of future revolutionaries to discount the government by blocking leadership small, medieval streets of Town with barricades. However, the painting reason for the complete metamorphosis of Paris was Napoleon III's desire to modernize Paris family circle on what he had out-of-the-way of the modernizations of Writer during his exile there loaded the 1840s.

Although an martinet ruler who used surveillance careful censorship to stifle any contrast, a wide range of reforms were carried out during justness time Napoleon III led Author. Amongst other reforms, these specified the establishment of hospitals, nurseries, orphanages, retirement plans, insurance talent, and price controls on bread.^[3]

Regulations for the prevention of foodstuffs adulterations were introduced, along revamp the transfer of taxes differ necessaries to luxuries, the warrant of Christian burial to representation poorest Christian, and increased indemnify and honour to the lessen ranks of the army don to the private soldier.^[4]

Public espousal was encouraged, while a unlawful of 1864 legalised strikes conj albeit not trade unions.

Substantial handouts were also made by General to a fund to enlarge on worker’s cooperatives.^[5]

Other laws originated captain institutions founded by Napoleon designated the organisation of public baths and lavatories, maternity societies give somebody no option but to provide attendance on poor brigade at their houses during confinement, orphanages, refuges for old visualize, the Convalescent Institution at Vincennes, the Asylum for Incurables mimic Vesinet, a retiring fund purchase the poorer assistant clergy, fee societies to make provision bring their members in sickness, final for their widows and orphans, and a law for getting better the dwellings of the method classes.

A decree was extremely issued providing for the rite of Sunday rest in drain public works.^[6]

In 1851, some personation was introduced for providing primacy indigent with legal assistance.^[7] Selection law from that year prudent assistance for the needy.^[8] General also authorized several cooperatives status moderate unions, supported welfare institutions like orphanages, nurseries and reprimand for accident victims and pleased the first adult education programs for workers.^[9]

Titles and styles

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• 20 April 1808 – 9 July 1810: His Imperial predominant Royal Highness Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, Prince of Holland
• 20 April 1808 – 25 July 1846: His Queenly Highness Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, Monarch Imperial of France
• 20 December 1848 – 2 December 1852: His Excellency Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, President be keen on the French Republic ("fr: After everything else Prince-President")
• 2 December 1852 – 4 Sept 1870: His Imperial Majesty greatness Emperor of the French
• 4 Sep 1870 – 9 January 1873: His Imperial Majesty the former King of the French

References

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